Procédure civile – maxime des débats – jugement du Tribunal du district de Sion du 4 octobre 2011, X. Sàrl c. Y. SA – SIO C1 10 249 Maxime des débats – Notions de maxime des débats et de maxime éventuelle (art. 55, 219 ss CPC ; consid. 2). – Notions de fardeau de l’allégation des faits et de fardeau de la preuve (art. 8 CC ; consid. 2). Réf. CH: art. 8 CC, art. 55 CPC, art. 150 CPC, art. 219 CPC Réf. VS: art. 63 CPC/VS, art. 66 CPC/VS, art. 149 CPC/VS Verhandlungsgrundsatz – Begriff der Verhandlungs- und der Eventualmaxime (Art. 55, 219 ff. ZPO ; E. 2). – Begriff der Behauptungs- und der Beweislast (Art. 8 ZGB ; E. 2). Ref. CH: Art. 8 ZGB, Art. 55 ZPO, Art. 150 ZPO, Art. 219 ZPO Ref. VS: Art. 63 ZPO/VS, Art. 66 ZPO/VS, Art. 149 ZPO/VS Considérants (extraits) 2. La maxime des débats est le pendant, en matière de rassemblement des faits, du principe de disposition. La maxime des débats régit le déroulement du procès (RVJ 2007 p. 141 consid. 2), sauf disposition légale contraire (art. 63 al. 1 CPC/VS). Il incombe dès lors aux parties, et non au juge, de réunir les éléments du procès (art. 66 al. 1 1re phr. CPC/VS). De manière générale, la procédure civile consacre la maxime éventuelle, qui notamment concentre l’allégation des faits et les preu ves y relatives. Selon la maxime éventuelle, les parties ont le devoir 242 RVJ / ZWR 2012 ceg Texte tapé à la machine TDSIO C1 10 249 ceg Texte tapé à la machine
RVJ / ZWR 2012 243 d’invoquer tous les moyens simultanément même s’il n’est pas certain que tous seront utiles. A cet égard, la procédure civile continentale postule qu’au jour de la création du lien d’instance, les parties connaissent les faits et les preuves qui fondent leur prétention ou leur refus de céder à la prétention de la partie adverse. Le CPC ne remet pas en cause le principe de l’immutabilité de l’objet du litige (immutabilité factuelle du litige). La maxime éventuelle conduit les parties à présenter leurs prétentions ou leurs dénégations avec précision et rigueur. Le CPC a adouci la rigueur d’une stricte application de la maxime éventuelle, en prévoyant notamment la possibilité d’admettre des faits et des moyens de preuve nouveaux aux débats principaux (Vouilloz, La preuve dans le Code de procédure civile suisse, in PJA 2009 p. 830). Le CPC unifié, à l’image du CPC/VS, prévoit le principe de la maxime des débats. Selon l’art. 55 al. 1 CPC, les parties allèguent les faits sur lesquels elles fondent leurs prétentions et produisent les preuves qui s’y rapportent. En vertu de l’art. 55 CPC, la maxime des débats s’applique en principe ; les dispositions légales prévoyant la maxime inquisitoire sont réservées. Il en va de même selon l’ancienne procédure cantonale. Cela signifie ainsi qu’il incombe en principe aux parties d’alléguer et de prouver les faits à l’appui de leurs prétentions, sans que le juge ait à investiguer ou agir d’office et sans qu’il puisse retenir d’autres faits que ceux allégués et prouvés par les parties (Haldy, La nouvelle procédure civile suisse, Bâle 2009, p. 13). Les faits allégués forment le complexe de faits sur lequel le juge doit se fonder (RVJ 2007 p. 131 consid. 4d/bb). Cette règle de forme a non seulement pour but de fixer de manière satisfaisante le cadre du procès et de permettre à chacune des parties de savoir quels faits elle doit contester et prouver, mais également d’assurer une certaine clarté de la procédure et, par là, de contribuer à la résolution rapide du litige (RVJ 2007 p. 131 consid. 4d/bb). Le juge ne peut pas se substituer aux parties et instaurer, de son propre chef, une procédure inquisitoriale. Les parties ont en effet la maîtrise de l’objet du litige (RVJ 2007 p. 141 consid. 2). Comme pour le CPC/VS, conformément aux art. 219 ss CPC, la maxime des débats s’applique en procédure ordinaire unifiée (Hofmann/Lüscher, Le Code de procédure civile, Berne 2009, p. 28). Dans un tel système, le fardeau de l’allégation des faits revient aux parties. Ainsi, tout fait qui n’est pas expressément allégué en procédure est considéré comme inexistant dans le procès en cours. Sauf fait notoire ou devoir d’interpellation du juge, celui-ci ne pourra pas prendre en considération des faits non allégués (Chaix, in Procédure civile suisse, Neuchâtel, 2010, p. 118 s. n. 10). Le fardeau de l’allégation au
sens objectif sanctionne l’absence, dans le procès, d’un fait ou l’absence d’un fait suffisamment motivé. Dans une telle situation, il ne sera pas pris en considération. Selon le fardeau de la preuve au sens subjectif, la partie qui déduit un droit en justice doit proposer l’administration de preuves à l’appui des faits qu’elle allègue. A défaut de réquisition, les preuves ne seront pas mises en œuvre. L’art. 8 CC répartit le fardeau de la preuve dans les contestations soumises au droit civil fédéral (ATF 134 III 224 consid. 5.1). Il garantit également le droit à la preuve et à la contre-preuve (ATF 129 III 18 consid. 2.6). Conformément à l’art. 8 CC, le tribunal administre une preuve offerte régulièrement, dans les formes et dans les délais prévus par la loi de procédure, et portant sur un fait pertinent, régulièrement allégué selon le droit cantonal de procédure, pour l’appréciation juridique de la cause (ATF 133 III 189 consid. 5.2.2 ; 295 consid. 7.1 et les arrêts cités). Selon l’art. 8 CC, la partie qui n’a pas la charge de la preuve peut apporter une contre-preuve. Elle cherchera ainsi à démontrer des circonstances propres à faire naître chez le juge des doutes sérieux sur l’exactitude des allégations formant l’objet de la preuve principale. Pour que sa contre-preuve aboutisse, il suffit que la preuve principale soit ébranlée, de sorte que les allégations principales n’apparaissent plus comme vraisemblables (ATF 133 III 81 consid. 4.2.2 ; 130 III 321 consid. 3.4). Ces principes fondamentaux étaient énoncés de la même manière par le CPC/VS. Selon l’art. 148 al. 1 CPC/VS, la preuve est administrée à propos de faits allégués pertinents et contestés, dans la mesure toutefois où l’état de fait ne doit pas être recherché d’office (let. a), du droit coutumier (let. b), d’une pratique commerciale (let. c) ou d’un usage local (let. d). De même, l’art. 150 al. 1 CPC prévoit que la preuve a pour objet les faits pertinents et non contestés. Cela signifie notamment qu’un fait non contesté par la partie adverse est considéré comme admis, ce qui est la concrétisation de la maxime des débats. Le tribunal peut néanmoins administrer les preuves d’office lorsqu’il existe des motifs sérieux de douter de la véracité d’un fait non contesté (Hofmann/Lüscher, op. cit., p. 79). La partie qui supporte le fardeau de la preuve doit donc proposer l’administration de preuves à l’appui des faits qu’elle allègue. Cette incombance était rappelée à l’art. 149 al. 1 CPC/VS et le droit à la contrepreuve était garanti par l’art. 149 al. 2 CPC/VS. 244 RVJ / ZWR 2012
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